托福獨(dú)立作文如何展開(kāi)?托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作是托福寫(xiě)作的第二部分，考察考生對(duì)某個(gè)話題獨(dú)立闡述個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)并給出支持性論據(jù)的英文書(shū)面表達(dá)能力。在這個(gè)部分的一大難點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)在于主體段的展開(kāi)，如何有效表明自己的觀點(diǎn)，讓讀者信服，是考生備考托福寫(xiě)作時(shí)需要重點(diǎn)把握的。

托福寫(xiě)作成績(jī)提升的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要是對(duì)內(nèi)容的評(píng)價(jià)，相當(dāng)于是不是將題目里牽涉的全部觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了討論，這并不會(huì)反對(duì)你選擇一邊倒。有關(guān)此方面大家經(jīng)常犯的錯(cuò)誤是自說(shuō)自話。若是有一些同學(xué)表示老師不會(huì)被電腦所取代，而后再主體段論述了老師的數(shù)個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)，此項(xiàng)的評(píng)分不會(huì)超過(guò)24分。托福的六分相當(dāng)于大學(xué)入學(xué)考試的及格分，而辯證看問(wèn)題的能力是入大學(xué)門(mén)檻的一個(gè)前提。

第二個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成為了對(duì)論證過(guò)程的評(píng)價(jià)。大家是能夠想象成一場(chǎng)辯論，你是正方，你的對(duì)面坐著反方。要如何說(shuō)服對(duì)方，如此成為了議論的目的。所以此項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵是論證的過(guò)程中邏輯清晰，論證合理。在此方面考生們常犯的錯(cuò)誤是不夠重視。此情況一般都是出現(xiàn)在那些語(yǔ)言水平相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)的學(xué)生身上。議論文的交流尤其注重邏輯性，即辯論的流暢和信服度。建議這樣的同學(xué)放棄對(duì)詞句的過(guò)度追求，改用簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)言，把自己的思想清楚的表達(dá)出來(lái)，六分便唾手可得。

第三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是詞匯量，第四個(gè)是語(yǔ)法和句型。有關(guān)這兩個(gè)項(xiàng)目基本上是針對(duì)語(yǔ)言能力的考察。因此針對(duì)那些語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)不好的同學(xué)，27分好像就是無(wú)法逾越的障礙。其實(shí)，只要你的高中成績(jī)能達(dá)到及格，27分就是有希望的。

1.下定義

在主旨表達(dá)完了以后，我們可以嘗試對(duì)主旨句中的關(guān)鍵名詞來(lái)進(jìn)行下定義（是什么）；但是要注意，我們的下定義，并不是全方位的進(jìn)行解釋?zhuān)怯嗅槍?duì)性的，要與與我們的主旨句和話題的態(tài)度來(lái)產(chǎn)生聯(lián)系，比如下面這個(gè)話題。

話題：

Older teenagers(between 16 and 19)should be allowed to work at paid part-time job or not.

主旨句：

By doing part-time jobs, teenagers are able to improve their communication skills.

下定義：

Communication skills are very important skills that we can use to better express ourselves when giving information to other people by using signals such as speech, body movements, or online messages.

在這個(gè)話題中，我們嘗試著對(duì)分論點(diǎn)中的communication skills來(lái)定義成通過(guò)語(yǔ)言、肢體語(yǔ)言等等來(lái)表達(dá)更好表達(dá)我們自己，一是想突出交流能力的確重要，二是可以引出我們后面可能會(huì)展開(kāi)的信息，去描述清楚在兼職活動(dòng)中我們是如何通過(guò)跟不同人用不同的交流形式來(lái)提升我們的交流能力。

2.因果解釋

道理論證最常用的是因果展開(kāi)，也是人類(lèi)邏輯中最基礎(chǔ)的關(guān)系之一。所謂因果，就是原因-結(jié)果，我們?cè)谏弦黄恼轮刑岬竭^(guò)，在表達(dá)主旨的時(shí)候可以盡量多表達(dá)一些結(jié)論/結(jié)果性的信息，所以接下來(lái)我們銜接主旨做的最直接的論證方式就是可以給出結(jié)果對(duì)應(yīng)的原因why。

話題：

Children aged between 7 and 11 spend too much time watching television or playing video games, and this is causing problems.

TS1:

Spending too much time watching TV or playing video games is bad for children’s study and health.

因果論證：

Children usually lack self discipline, they tend to neglect their studies especially when they are addicted to video games, which will result in poor academic performance.

TS2：

In addition, it will aggravate the social problems, such as the youth crime.

因果論證：

It is common that some TV programs and video games contain some pornographic and violent contents, which should not be shown to young children. If they are exposed to such information a lot, they will have the tendency of violence.

3. 細(xì)節(jié)論證

細(xì)節(jié)論證是一種非常重要的充實(shí)我們主體段落的一種手段，相對(duì)于舉例論證來(lái)說(shuō)，它可以表達(dá)更多的細(xì)節(jié)，呈現(xiàn)更多事實(shí)依據(jù)。

TS:

Getting involved in more activities can be conducive to the all-round development of students.

因果論證：

It is self-evident that different activities can equip participants with various skills and abilities.

細(xì)節(jié)論證：

To illustrate, 1) students attending musical classes can learn how to appreciate the classical works of famous musicians and thus improve their aesthetic capability.

2) Similarly, participating in team sports will help students cultivate a sense of cooperation as well as enhance their leadership.

4. 舉例論證

如果說(shuō)道理論證就是講道理，那么舉例就是在擺事實(shí)。在論證觀點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，我們經(jīng)常用事實(shí)現(xiàn)象，具體的故事，甚至假定的情節(jié)等證明某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。

例子的使用很靈活，我們首先將例子分為泛例和特定例子。泛例是相對(duì)特定例子而言的。特定例子是指在議論文中有特定的、具體明確指示對(duì)象的事例。

泛例是指在議論文中沒(méi)有特定的指示對(duì)象，卻能指示一類(lèi)現(xiàn)象的事例。在一篇議論文中，特定例子因其典型性強(qiáng)、易于分析而被廣泛使用，但泛例也有著不可替代的作用。

一例深入法

話題：

Nowadays, children rely too much on the technology, like computers, smart phone, video games for fun and entertainment; playing simpler toys or playing outside with friends would be better for the children’s development.

主旨句：

In addition, video games can help children to learn strategic thinking, which is are also necessary for their growth.

5. 對(duì)比

對(duì)比論證是我們考慮使用的一種備選論證方式，當(dāng)我們前期想到的細(xì)節(jié)和具體例子都很有限的時(shí)候，就可以在段落中論述意思相反的兩種情況，這種方式在二選一話題中會(huì)更加有效。

話題：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to relax by watching a movie or reading a book than doing physical exercises.

主旨句：

Moreover, exercises help people utilize their leisure time more constructively.

對(duì)比論證：

People gain motor skills and other relevant traits like strength, flexibility and coordination. //On the other hand, some books and programs on television end up making the viewers imitate bad habits which they see from the actors or read in the books. Since these groups of people lack time to release their stress, the chances of them developing bad habits is very high compared to those who engage in sports, games and exercises.

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